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no. 149). [Louis A. Wagner]
31 Cf. Footnote on page 68. [Louis A. Wagner]
XVII. The hero is branded.
(Designation: J)
BRANDING: Hero is branded (wounded/marked, receives ring or scarf);
1. A brand is applied to the body (J1). The hero receives a wound
during the skirmish. A princess awakens him before the fight by
making a small wound in his cheek with a knife (125). A princess
brands the hero on the forehead with a signet ring (195); she kisses
him, leaving a burning star on his forehead.
2. The hero receives a ring or a towel (J2). We have a combination of
two forms if the hero is wounded in battle and the wound is bound
with the kerchief of either a princess or a king.
XVIII. The villain is defeated.
(Designation: I)
VICTORY: Villain is defeated (killed in combat, defeated in contest, killed
while asleep, banished);
1. The villain is beaten in open combat (I1).
2. He is defeated in a contest (I2).
3. He loses at cards (I3).
4. He loses on being weighed (I4).
5. He is killed without a preliminary fight (I5). A dragon is killed while
asleep (141). Zmialan hides in the hollow of a tree; he is killed
(164).
6. He is banished directly (I6). A princess, possessed by a devil, places a
sacred image around her neck: The evil power flew away in a puff
of smoke (115).
Victory is also encountered in a negative form. If two or three heroes have gone out
to do battle, one of them (a general) hides, while the other is victorious
(designation: *I1).
XIX. The initial misfortune or lack is liquidated.
(Designation: K)
This function, together with villainy (A), constitutes a pair.
The narrative reaches its peak in this function.
LIQUIDATION: Initial misfortune or lack is resolved (object of search
distributed, spell broken, slain person revived, captive freed);
1. The object of a search is seized by the use of force or cleverness (K1).
Here heroes sometimes employ the same means adopted by villains
for the initial seizure. Ivn s steed turns into a beggar who goes
seeking alms. The princess gives them. Ivn runs out of the bushes;
they seize her and carry her away (185).
la. Sometimes the capture is accomplished by two personages, one of
whom orders the other to perform the actual business of catching
(K1). A horse steps on a crawfish and orders it to bring him a bridal
dress. A cat catches a mouse and orders it to fetch a little ring (190).
2. The object of search is obtained by several personages at once, through
a rapid interchange of their actions (K2).
The distribution of action is evoked by a series of consecutive
failures or attempts on the part of the abducted person to escape.
The seven Semjóns obtain a princess: the thief kidnaps her, but she
flies away in the form of a swan; the archer shoots her down, and
another one, in place of a dog, retrieves her from the water, etc.
(145). Similarly, the egg containing Koscej s death is obtained. A
hare, a duck, and a fish run away, fly away, and swim away with the
egg. A wolf, a raven, and a fish obtain it (156).
3. The object of search is obtained with the help of enticements (K3).
This form, in many instances, is quite close in nature to K1. The
hero lures the princess on board a ship with the aid of golden
objects and carries her away (242). A special subclass might be
made out of an enticement in the form of a proposal for an
exchange. A blinded girl embroiders a wonderful crown and sends
it to her villainous servant girl.
In exchange for the crown the latter returns the eyes, which are thus
retrieved.
4. The object of a quest is obtained as the direct result of preceding actions
(K4). If, for example, Ivn kills a dragon and later marries the
princess whom he has freed, there is no obtaining as a special act;
rather, there is obtaining as a function, as a stage in the
development of the plot.
The princess is neither seized nor abducted, but she is nevertheless
obtained. She is obtained as the result of combat. Obtaining in
these cases is a logical element. It may also be accomplished as a
result of acts other than battles. Thus Ivn can find a princess as the
result of making a guided journey.
5. The object of search is obtained instantly through the use of a magical
agent (K5). Two young men (appearing out of a magical book)
deliver a golden-horned stag with the speed of a whirlwind (212).
6. The use of a magical agent overcomes poverty (K6). A magic duck lays
golden eggs (195). The magic tablecloth which sets itself and the
horse that scatters gold both belong here (186). Another form of the
self- setting tablecloth appears in the image of a pike: By the pike s
command and God s blessing let the table be set and the dinner
ready! (167).
7. The object of search is caught (K7). This form is typical for agrarian
pillage. The hero catches a mare (187).
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